Germ Cell Tumor of the Yolk Sac in the Uterine Corpus: Case Report of a 14-Month-Old Female Infant.

Malignant germ cell tumors (MGCTs) localized in the uterus are rare in prepubertal girls. They typically occur in postmenopausal women and are characterized by the presence of a pelvic mass and transvaginal bleeding. In this case, the authors describe the clinical features, radiologic findings, histopathologic description, and treatment received by an infant with a primary yolk sac tumor of the uterine wall. Currently, treatment for uterine GCTs is based on guidelines for GCTs. Surgery and bleomycin, etoposide, cisplatin (pBEP) chemotherapy are effective for uterine yolk sac tumors. After 46 months of clinical follow-up, which included abdominopelvic ultrasound and tumor marker assessments, our patient is free of disease, suggesting a favorable outcome.

Progress of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor in advanced ovarian cancer / 肿瘤研究与临床

At present, ovarian cancer is one of the main diseases threatening women's life and health. The mortality ranks first among female reproductive system malignant tumors. Due to the hidden onset, more than 75% of them are at advanced stage once diagnosed. Advanced ovarian cancer is characterized with the Federation International of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ, very poor prognosis and the 5-year survival rate less than 50%. In recent years, the exploration of maintenance treatment of ovarian cancer is in full swing. A large number of studies show that poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are effective in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Therefore, PARP inhibitors have gradually become an important part for treatment of ovarian cancer, and the indications have also been concerned by clinicians. This paper reviews the application of PARP inhibitors in advanced ovarian cancer.

Uso do dispositivo Pegfilgrastim OBI para prevenção de neutropenia: revisão de escopo / Uso del dispositivo Pegfilgrastim OBI para prevenir la neutropenia: revisión de alcance / Pegfilgrastim OBI device use for neutropenia prevention: a scoping review

Resumo Objetivo Mapear os cuidados em saúde do dispositivo Pegfilgrastim on-body injector na prevenção de neutropenia em adultos com câncer em assistência domiciliar após quimioterapia ambulatorial. Métodos Revisão de escopo baseada na metodologia do Joanna Briggs Institute . Foram incluídos somente estudos com adultos com câncer submetidos à quimioterapia ambulatorial. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados Cochrane, CINAHL, EMBASE, LILACS , PubMed, Scopus, LIVIVO e Web of Science, além da literatura cinzenta ProQuest, Scielo, Banco de Dados em Enfermagem, Google Scholar, Open Grey, bula do medicamento e websites . Foram esgotadas as buscas nas referências dos estudos elegidos. Todos os estudos identificados foram exportados para o gerenciador de referências EndNote para organização e remoção das duplicadas. Utilizou-se o aplicativo web Rayyan para seleção das evidências. Os estudos foram selecionados por pares e de forma independente, sendo os conflitos solucionados por um terceiro pesquisador. Resultados Foram incluídos 10 artigos cujos resultados foram subdivididos nas categorias: adesão do paciente, opinião da equipe de saúde, carga de trabalho do paciente em tratamento do câncer e uso do dispositivo na prática clínica. O dispositivo apresenta poucas falhas e foi aceito pelas equipes de saúde e pacientes na maioria dos estudos. Conclusão Os principais cuidados em saúde para o uso do dispositivo Pegfilgrastim on-body injector estão relacionados à técnica de preparo da pele onde o dispositivo será aplicado, o preparo e a administração do dispositivo. Além disso, salienta-se a importância da avaliação do conhecimento do paciente e seu familiar sobre o dispositivo, o fornecimento de todas as orientações necessárias, verbalmente e por escrito, de forma clara e objetiva, e a validação dessas informações, certificando-se que o paciente compreendeu todas elas e está seguro.

Resumen Objetivo Mapear los cuidados de la salud al utilizar el dispositivo Pegfilgrastim on-body injector para prevenir la neutropenia en adultos con cáncer en atención domiciliaria después de quimioterapia ambulatoria. Métodos Revisión de alcance basada en la metodología del Joanna Briggs Institute . Se incluyeron solamente estudios con adultos con cáncer sometidos a quimioterapia ambulatoria. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos Cochrane, CINAHL, EMBASE, LILACS , PubMed, Scopus, LIVIVO y Web of Science, además de la literatura gris ProQuest, Scielo, Banco de Datos de Enfermería, Google Scholar, Open Grey, prospecto del medicamento y sitios web. Se concluyeron las búsquedas en las referencias de los estudios seleccionados. Todos los estudios identificados se exportaron al programa de gestión de referencias EndNote para organizarlas y remover las duplicadas. Se utilizó la aplicación web Rayyan para seleccionar las evidencias. Se seleccionaron los estudios por pares y de forma independiente, y los conflictos se solucionaron mediante un tercer investigador. Resultados Se incluyeron diez artículos cuyos resultados fueron subdivididos en las siguientes categorías: adhesión del paciente, opinión del equipo de salud, carga de trabajo del paciente en tratamiento de cáncer y uso del dispositivo en la práctica clínica. El dispositivo presenta pocas fallas y fue aceptado por los equipos de salud y por los pacientes en la mayoría de los estudios. Conclusión Los principales cuidados de la salud para el uso del dispositivo Pegfilgrastim on-body injector se relacionan con la técnica de preparación de la piel donde se aplicará el dispositivo, la preparación y la administración del dispositivo. Además, se destaca la importancia de la evaluación de conocimientos del paciente y su familiar sobre el dispositivo, la entrega de todas las instrucciones necesarias, verbalmente y por escrito, de forma clara y objetiva, la validación de la información y la verificación de que el paciente haya comprendido todo y esté seguro.

Abstract Objective To map the health care of Pegfilgrastim On-body Injector in neutropenia prevention in adults with cancer in home care after outpatient chemotherapy. Methods This is a scoping review based on the JBI methodology. Only studies with adults with cancer undergoing outpatient chemotherapy were included. The search was carried out in the Cochrane, CINAHL, EMBASE, LILACS, PubMed, Scopus, LIVIVO and Web of Science databases, in addition to gray literature ProQuest, SciELO, Database in Nursing, Google Scholar, Open Grey, drug leaflet and websites. The searches in the references of selected studies were exhausted. All identified studies were exported to the EndNote reference manager for organization and removal of duplicates. The Rayyan web application was used for evidence selection. The studies were selected by pairs independently, with conflicts resolved by a third researcher. Results A total of 10 articles were included, whose results were subdivided into categories: patient compliance, health team opinion, patient workload in cancer treatment and device use in clinical practice. The device has few flaws and was accepted by health care teams and patients in most studies. Conclusion The main health care for Pegfilgrastim On-body Injector use is related to the skin preparation technique where the device will be applied, in addition to device preparation and administration. Moreover, the importance of assessing the knowledge of patients and their family about the device is highlighted, providing all the necessary guidelines, verbally and in writing, clearly and objectively, and validating this information, making sure that patients have understood all of them and are safe.

Primary Tumor Fluorine-18 Fluorodeoxydglucose (18F-FDG) Is Associated With Cancer-Associated Weight Loss in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) and Portends Worse Survival.

Aim: To investigate the diagnostic potential of and associations between tumor 18F-FDG uptake on PET imaging and cancer-associated weight loss. Methods: 774 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with pre-treatment PET evaluated between 2006 and 2014 were identified. Using the international validated definition of cachexia, the presence of clinically significant pretreatment cancer-associated weight loss (WL) was retrospectively determined. Maximum Standardized Uptake Value (SUVMax) of 18F-FDG was recorded and dichotomized based on 3 experimental cutpoints for survival analyses. Each SUVMax cutpoint prioritized either survival differences, total cohort comparison sample sizes, or sample size by stage. Patient outcomes and associations between SUVMax and cancer-associated weight loss were assessed by multivariate, categorical, and survival analyses. Results: Patients were found to have an increased likelihood of having WL at diagnosis associated with increasing primary tumor SUVMax after controlling for potentially confounding patient and tumor characteristics on multivariate logistic regression (OR 1.038; 95% CI: 1.012, 1.064; P=0.0037). After stratifying the cohort by WL and dichotomized SUVMax, both factors were found to be relevant in predicting survival outcomes when the alternative variable was constant. Of note, the most striking survival differences contributed by WL status occurred in high SUVMax groups, where the presence of WL predicted a median survival time detriment of up to 10 months, significant regardless of cutpoint determination method applied to categorize high SUVMax patients. SUVMax classification was found to be most consistently relevant in both WL and no WL groups. Conclusions: The significant positive association between significant pretreatment cancer-associated weight loss and primary tumor SUVMax underscores increased glucose uptake as a component of catabolic tumor phenotypes. This substantiates 18F-FDG PET analysis as a prospective tool for assessment of cancer-associated weight loss and corresponding survival outcomes. Furthermore, the survival differences observed between WL groups across multiple SUVMax classifications supports the importance of weight loss monitoring in oncologic workups. Weight loss in the setting of NSCLCs with higher metabolic activity as determined by 18F-FDG PET signal should encourage more aggressive and earlier palliative care interventions.

Health Disparities of Sexual Minority Patients Following Prostate Cancer Treatment: Results From the Restore-2 Study.

PURPOSE: The NIH has identified sexual and gender minority persons as a health disparity population but little is known about cancer outcomes in these populations. The purpose of this study was to identify disparities in sexual minority prostate cancer patient-reported outcomes, to examine within group differences, and to test for alternative explanations for identified differences. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 2019, we recruited 401 gay and bisexual prostate cancer patients into the Restore-2 study, a randomized controlled trial of rehabilitation program tailored for sexual minority men. RESULTS: Compared to the normative (heterosexual) EPIC sample, participants had significantly worse urinary, bowel and hormonal function, better sexual function, and no difference on bother scores. They also had worse depression and overall mental health, and worse physical, social/family, functional, prostate specific and overall well-being quality of life outcomes. Across measures, no differences by age, gay versus bisexual orientation, race/ethnicity, and relationship status were observed. Those who had hormonal treatment had worse sexual and hormonal function than those who had radiation or surgery only. Those with a longer time since treatment had better urinary function. Differences remained when participants were matched to normative samples on cancer stage and time since treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This, the largest study of sexual minority prostate cancer patients to date, confirms health disparities in prostate cancer quality of life outcomes. Findings appear reliable and robust. To improve the clinical care of prostate cancer, it will be important to address the health disparities experienced by sexual minority prostate cancer patients.

Monoallelic MUTYH pathogenic variants ascertained via multi-gene hereditary cancer panels are not associated with colorectal, endometrial, or breast cancer.

We aimed to determine whether monoallelic MUTYH pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants (PVs) are associated with colorectal, breast, and endometrial cancer. Cases were individuals with colorectal, female breast, or endometrial cancer who reported European ancestry alone and underwent a multi-gene hereditary cancer panel at a large reference laboratory. Controls were individuals of European (non-Finnish) descent from GnomAD with cancer cohorts removed. We performed a Fisher's exact test to generate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Prevalence of single MUTYH PVs in cancer cohorts versus controls, respectively, was: colorectal cancer, 2.1% vs. 1.8% (OR 1.2, 95% CI 0.99-1.5, p = 0.064); breast cancer 1.9% vs. 1.7% (OR 1.1, 95% CI 0.96-1.3, p = 0.15); and endometrial cancer, 1.7% vs. 1.7% (OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.70-1.3, p = 0.94). Using the largest colorectal and endometrial cancer cohorts and one of the largest breast cancer cohorts from a single case-control study, we did not observe a significant difference in the prevalence of monoallelic MUTYH PVs in these cohorts compared to controls. Additionally, frequencies among cancer cohorts were consistent with the published MUTYH carrier frequency of 1-2%. These findings suggest there is no association between colorectal, endometrial, or breast cancer and MUTYH heterozygosity in individuals of European ancestry.

Clinical utility of nuclear imaging in the evaluation of pediatric adrenal neoplasms.

Adrenal neoplasms rarely occur in children. They can be diagnosed in the presence of endocrine, metabolic or neurological problems, an abdominal mass, more rarely an adrenal incidentaloma, or in the context of an adrenal mass discovered in the evaluation of childhood cancer including hematologic malignancy. According to standard medical practice, pediatric malignancies are almost always evaluated by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography with computed tomography ([18F]FDG PET/CT). Nuclear imaging using specific radiotracers is also an important tool for diagnosing and staging neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma, hormone hypersecretion, or indeterminate adrenal masses. The Hippocratic oath "primum non nocere" encourages limitation of radiation in children per the ALARA concept (as low as reasonably achievable) but should not lead to the under-use of nuclear imaging because of the potential risk of inaccurate diagnosis or underestimation of the extent of disease. As in adults, nuclear imaging in children should be performed in conjunction with hormone evaluation and morphological imaging.

MRI is useful to suggest and exclude malignancy in mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the value of MRI in differentiating benign (b-MCN) and malignant (m-MCN) MCN. European guidelines suggest that certain mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCN) of the pancreas can be conservatively managed. METHODS: A retrospective single-center study of consecutive patients with resected MCN. MRIs were independently reviewed by two readers blinded to the pathological results. The authors compared b-MCN (i.e., mucinous-cystadenoma comprising high-grade dysplasia (HGD)) and m-MCN (i.e., cystadenocarcinoma). RESULTS: Sixty-three patients (62 women [98%]) with 63 MCN (6 m-MCN, 2 HGD) were included. m-MCN tumors had a tendency to be larger than b-MCN (median 86 [25-103] vs. 45 [17-130] mm, p = .055). The combination of signal heterogeneity on T2-weighted imaging, wall thickness ≥ 5 mm, the presence of mural nodules ≥ 9 mm, and enhancing septa had an area under the ROC curve of 0.97 (95% CI 0.91-1.00) for the diagnosis of m-MCN. A total of 24 (37%), 20 (32%), 10 (16%), 5 (8%), and 4 (6%) out of 63 MCNs showed 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 of these features, respectively. The corresponding rate of m-MCN was 0%, 0%, 10%, 20%, and 100%, respectively, with a good-to-excellent inter-reader agreement. Patterns with a high NPV for m-MCN included an absence of enhancing septa or walls (NPV 97% and 100%, respectively), wall thickness < 3 mm (NPV 100%), and no mural nodules (NPV 100%). CONCLUSIONS: A combination of 4 imaging features suggests malignant MCN on MRI. On the other hand, visualization of a thin non-enhancing wall with no mural nodules suggests benign MCN. KEY POINTS: • A heterogenous signal on T2-weighted MRI, a ≥ 5-mm-thick wall, mural nodules ≥ 9 mm, and/or enhancing septa suggest malignant MCNs. • A thin non-enhancing wall with no mural nodules suggests benign MCNs. • MRI should be performed in the pre-therapeutic evaluation of MCN to help determine the therapeutic strategy in these patients.

Comparative analysis of clinicopathological and mammographic findings between ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion and ductal carcinoma in situ / 中华放射学杂志

Objective:To comparative analyze mammographic and clinicopathological findings of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and DCIS with microinvasion (DCISM), and to investigate the predictive factors for DCISM.Methods:A total of 626 patients with DCISM and DCIS confirmed by surgery and pathology in the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from January 2016 to July 2020 were collected and underwent preoperative mammography. The X-ray findings of DCISM and DCIS patients were classified and diagnosed according to the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) criteria. The differences in clinicopathological and radiographic findings between DCISM and DCIS patients were analyzed using χ 2 test or Fisher exact test. The risk factors of DCISM were evaluated by using univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analysis. Results:Among the 626 cases, 171 were diagnosed as DCISM, 455 were diagnosed as DCIS. Large diameter (≥2.7 cm), high nuclear grade, comedo type, axillary lymph node metastasis, high Ki67 proliferation index, negativity of estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor were found to be predictors of DCISM in the univariate analysis (all P<0.05). And large diameter (≥2.7 cm)(OR 2.229,95% CI 1.505-3.301, P<0.001), high nuclear grade(OR 1.711,95%CI 1.018-2.875, P=0.043) and axillary lymph node metastasis(OR 4.140,95% CI 1.342-12.773, P=0.013) were found to be independent predictors of DCISM in the multivariate analysis (all P<0.05). Mammographically, the lesion types, the presence and distribution of calcification were statistically significant between DCIS and DCISM patients (χ 2=17.42, 9.65, 9.10, P<0.05). Up to 17.6% (80/455) of DCIS were occult leisions, and DCISM showed more lesions with calcification in mass, asymmetry, and architectural distortion (49.1%, 84/171). Grouped calcifications were usually associated with DCIS (41.5%, 120/289), while regional calcification were commonly found in DCISM (35.9%, 47/131). Conclusions:Lesions with calcification and regional calcification were more likely associated with DCISM on mammography. Large diameter (≥2.7 cm), high nuclear grade and axillary lymph node metastasis were found to be independent predictors of DCISM.

Research progress in influences of epigenetic modifications on PD-L1 expression in tumors / 国际肿瘤学杂志

Tumor cells expression of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) is a major mechanism of immune escape and a predictor of therapeutic efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. The expression of PD-L1 is regulated by a variety of mechanisms, among which epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding RNA can promote the occurrence, development and drug resistance of tumors by regulating the expression of PD-L1. To clarify its regulation mechanism can bring new ideas for clinical immunotherapy of tumors.

Brazilin downregulates the expression of protein regulator of cytokinesis 1 in bladder cancer T24 cell and BIU87 cell and inhibits the cell proliferation / 肿瘤研究与临床

Objective:To investigate the inhibitory effect of brazilin on bladder cancer cells and its mechanism.Methods:Chemically synthesized brazilin was synthesized by chemical synthesis. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) method was used to detect the inhibitory effect of synthetic brazilin on bladder cancer cells T24 and BIU87. Proteomic technique was used to detect the effect of brazilin on the level of protein in both cells. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot methods were used to verify the effects of brazilin on the expression of protein regulator of cytokinesis 1 (PRC1) of both cells at gene and protein level.Results:MTT method showed that brazilin significantly inhibited the proliferation of bladder cancer cells T24 and BIU87, and its half inhibitory concentration ( IC50) of T24 cell and BIU87 cell was 9.9 μg/ml and 5.1 μg/ml,respectively. Proteomic results showed that brazilin could regulate the protein expression of PRC1 in both cells, which was verified by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Conclusion:Brazilin suppresses bladder cancer cell growth possibly by downregulating PRC1.

Retroperitoneal liposarcoma in a nonagenarian.

Retroperitoneal liposarcomas are rare tumors arising from the soft tissue of the retroperitoneum and are of mesenchymal cell origin. They can reach a large size prior to causing symptoms and generally have a poor prognosis. We present the case of a 93-year-old lady presenting with a large retroperitoneal liposarcoma at the site of a previous colonic anastomosis for the adenocarcinoma treatment. It caused minimal symptoms initially, but surgical resection was undertaken when the tumor was found to be growing significantly in size. However, due to the tumor's location and its invasion into surrounding structures, the resection was not feasible and subsequently abandoned. A retroperitoneal liposarcoma arising from the site of a previous colonic resection has not been previously described. A review of the diagnosis and current management of these lesions is also given.

Detecção precoce do câncer de mama em Unidades Básicas de Saúde / Detección precoz de cáncer de mama en unidades básicas de salud / Early detection of breast cancer in primary care center

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar as ações para detecção precoce do câncer de mama realizadas por enfermeiros da atenção primária, de acordo com as diferentes configurações de unidades básicas de saúde. Métodos: Estudo de corte transversal, desenvolvido em 38 unidades básicas de saúde. As unidades foram selecionadas mediante cálculo de amostra aleatória simples; os critérios de inclusão foram os enfermeiros de ambos os sexos, com tempo mínimo de um ano de atuação na unidade. As diferentes hipóteses cogitadas foram avaliadas por meio de análise bivariada na tabela de contingência, utilizando o teste de qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fischer; todos os testes realizados levaram em consideração um α bidirecional de 0,05 e intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%. Resultados: Dos 133 enfermeiros do estudo, 46,6% atuavam em unidades básicas da Estratégia Saúde da Família, 31,6% em unidades mistas e 21,8% em unidades tradicionais. Houve melhor desempenho para o modelo Estratégia Saúde da Família, com resultados estatisticamente significativos para as seguintes ações: investigação dos fatores de risco (p=<0,001); orientação da idade ideal para exame clínico das mamas e a importância de sua realização (p=0,002 e p=<0,001 respectivamente); reunião educativa sobre câncer de mama (p=<0,001); busca ativa de mulheres com laudo suspeito (p=0,002) e encaminhamento à unidade de referência (p=<0,001). Conclusão: As ações para a detecção precoce do câncer de mama realizadas pelos enfermeiros diferenciam-se em relação à configuração da Unidade Básica de Saúde, sendo que as do modelo Estratégia Saúde da Família se aproximam mais das recomendações do Ministério da Saúde.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar las acciones para la detección precoz de cáncer de mama realizadas por enfermeros de atención primaria, de acuerdo con las diferentes configuraciones de las unidades básicas de salud. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal, llevado a cabo en 38 unidades básicas de salud. Las unidades fueron seleccionadas mediante cálculo de muestra aleatoria simple. Los criterios de inclusión fueron enfermeros de ambos sexos, con un tiempo mínimo de un año de actuación en la unidad. Las diferentes hipótesis consideradas fueron evaluadas mediante el análisis bivariado en la tabla de contingencia, utilizando la prueba χ² de Pearson o prueba exacta de Fisher. Todas las pruebas realizadas tuvieron en consideración un α bidireccional de 0,05 e intervalo de confianza (IC) de 95 %. Resultados: De los 133 enfermeros del estudio, el 46,6 % actuaba en unidades básicas de Estrategia Salud de la Familia, el 31,6 % en unidades mixtas y el 21,8 % en unidades tradicionales. Se observó un mejor desempeño en el modelo Estrategia Salud de la Familia, con resultados estadísticamente significativos en las siguientes acciones: investigación de los factores de riesgo (p=<0,001), orientación sobre la edad ideal para examen clínico de las mamas y la importancia de su realización (p=0,002 y p=<0,001 respectivamente), reunión educativa sobre cáncer de mama (p=<0,001), búsqueda activa de mujeres con resultados sospechosos (p=0,002) y derivación a la unidad de referencia (p=<0,001). Conclusión: Las acciones para la detección precoz de cáncer de mama realizadas por los enfermeros se diferencian según la configuración de la unidad básica de salud, entre las cuales el modelo Estrategia Salud de la Familia está más cerca de las recomendaciones del Ministerio de Salud.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the actions for early detection of breast cancer performed by primary care nurses, according to the different configurations of primary care center. Method: Cross-sectional study, carried out in a total of 38 primary care center. The centers were selected by calculating a simple random sample; the inclusion criteria were nurses of both genders, with at least one year working in the health center. The different hypotheses considered were evaluated by a bivariate analysis in the contingency table, using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test; all tests performed considered a bidirectional α of 0.05 and a 95% confidence interval (CI). Result: Out of the 133 nurses in the study, 46.6% worked in primary care center of the Family Health Strategy, 31.6% in mixed centers and 21.8% in traditional ones. There was a better performance for the Family Health Strategy model, with statistically significant results for the following actions: investigation of risk factors (p=<0.001); orientation of the ideal age for clinical breast examination and the importance of its performance (p=0.002 and p=<0.001 respectively); educational meeting on breast cancer (p=<0.001); active search for women with suspicious medical reports (p=0.002) and referral to the health center (p=<0.001). Conclusion: The actions for early detection of breast cancer performed by nurses differ in relation to the configuration of the Primary care center, and those from the Family Health Strategy model are closer to the recommendations of the Ministry of Health.

Relationship between systematic immune-inflammation index and clinicopathological charac-teristics for colorectal cancer / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the relationship between systematic immune-inflamma-tion index(SII) and clinicopathological characteristics for colorectal cancer.Methods:The retrospec-tive cohort study was conducted. The clinicopathological data of 513 patients with colorectal cancer who were admitted to the Beijing Friendship Hospital of Capital Medical University from February 2019 to May 2021 were collected. There were 311 males and 202 females, aged (64±12)years. Observation indicators: (1) SII of colorectal cancer and relationship between SII and clinicopatholo-gical characteristics; (2) influencing factors for SII in colorectal cancer patients. According to the median of SII as the cutoff value, the patients were divided into high SII and low SII patients. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD, and comparison between groups was analyzed using the t test. Count data were represented as absolute numbers or percen-tages, and comparison between groups was conducted using the chi-square test. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M( P25, P75), and comparison between groups was analyzed using the non-parameter rank sum test. Comparison of ordinal data was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U non-parameter test. Variables with statistically significant differences between groups were included for further analysis. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis was used for continuous data, and Wilcoxon or Kruskal-Willas analysis was used for categorical data and Bonferroni correction was performed. Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were conducted. Results:(1) SII of colorectal cancer and relationship between SII and clinicopathological charac-teristics: the SII of 513 patients was 355(253,507). Taking the median SII 355 as the cutoff value, 257 of 513 patients with SII>355 had high SII and 256 cases with SII≤355 had low SII. Of high SII patients, the Karnofsky performance status(KPS) score, preoperative albumin(Alb), CA125, cases with tumor located at left or right hemicolon, tumor diameter, cases with laparoscopic assisted surgery or laparotomy (surgical approach), cases in stage T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 (pathological T staging), cases in stage Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ (pathological TNM staging) were 87±17, (37±5)g/L, 8.80 U/mL(5.90 U/mL, 14.15 U/mL), 174, 83, (5.2±2.8)cm, 208, 44, 5, 19, 25, 131, 63, 34, 98, 94, 14. The above indicators of low SII patients were 91±13, (38±4)g/L, 7.20 U/mL(5.40 U/mL, 10.03 U/mL), 200, 56, (4.0±1.9)cm, 221, 24, 8, 39, 35, 118, 45, 61, 84, 79, 12. There were significant differences in above indicators between the two groups ( t=-2.770, -3.211, Z=-3.799, χ2=7.050, t=5.324, χ2=6.179, Z=-3.390, -2.227, P<0.05). Results of Pearson correlation coefficient analysis showed that SII was positively correlated with the tumor diameter ( r=0.390, P<0.05), and negatively correlated with preoperative Alb ( r=-0.200, P<0.05). Results of Wilcoxon analysis showed that SII was 447(311,720), 352(251,493) in patients with tumor located at right hemicolon and left hemicolon, 439(284,640), 345(243,481) in patients undergoing laparotomy and laparoscopic assisted surgery, respectively. There were signi-ficant differences in SII between patients with tumor located at right and left hemicolon,between patients undergoing laparotomy and laparoscopic assisted surgery ( P<0.05). Results of Kruskal-Willas analy-sis showed that SII was 289(201,463), 296(210,398), 329(252,446), 369(265,505), 434(274,631) in patients with pathological T staging as stage T0, stage T1, stage T2, stage T3, stage T4, respectively, and 307(226,400), 380(260,503), 381(272,563), 376(273,634) in patients with patho-logical TNM staging as stage Ⅰ, stage Ⅱ, stage Ⅲ, stage Ⅳ, respectively. There were significant differences in SII between patients with different pathological T staging and between patients with different pathological TNM staging ( P<0.05). (2) Influencing factors for SII in colorectal cancer patients: results of univariate analysis showed that KPS score, preoperative Alb, CA125, tumor location, tumor diameter, patholo-gical N staging, pathological TNM staging were related factors for SII in colorectal cancer patients ( Beta=-3.5, -15.8, 3.7, 106.3, 51.8, 115.1, 104.7, 141.2,95% confidence interval as -5.7 to -1.3, -22.6 to -9.1, 1.8 to 5.5,34.6 to 177.9, 38.5 to 65.2, 40.5 to 189.7, 11.2 to 198.2, 46.9 to 235.9, P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that tumor location and tumor diameter were independent influencing factors for SII in colorectal cancer patients ( Beta=79.5, 42.5, 95% confidence interval as 8.4 to 150.7, 26.6 to 58.4, P<0.05). Conclusions:The SII is correlated with tumor location, tumor diameter, preoperative Alb, pathological T staging, pathological TNM staging. Preoperative hypoproteinemia indicates a high SII score. The longer of tumor diameter, right hemicolon tumor and high TNM staging indicate the more serious immune-inflammatory imbalance. Tumor location and tumor diameter are independent influencing factors for SII in colorectal cancer patients.

Retroperitoneal liposarcoma in a nonagenarian

Retroperitoneal liposarcomas are rare tumors arising from the soft tissue of the retroperitoneum and are of mesenchymal cell origin. They can reach a large size prior to causing symptoms and generally have a poor prognosis. We present the case of a 93-year-old lady presenting with a large retroperitoneal liposarcoma at the site of a previous colonic anastomosis for the adenocarcinoma treatment. It caused minimal symptoms initially, but surgical resection was undertaken when the tumor was found to be growing significantly in size. However, due to the tumor's location and its invasion into surrounding structures, the resection was not feasible and subsequently abandoned. A retroperitoneal liposarcoma arising from the site of a previous colonic resection has not been previously described. A review of the diagnosis and current management of these lesions is also given.

[French ccAFU guidelines - update 2020-2022: bladder cancer]. / Recommandations françaises du Comité de cancérologie de l'AFU ­ actualisation 2020­2022 : tumeurs de la vessie.

OBJECTIVE: - To update French guidelines for the management of bladder cancer specifically non-muscle invasive (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancers (MIBC). METHODS: - A Medline search was achieved between 2018 and 2020, notably regarding diagnosis, options of treatment and follow-up of bladder cancer, to evaluate different references with levels of evidence. RESULTS: - Diagnosis of NMIBC (Ta, T1, CIS) is based on a complete deep resection of the tumor. The use of fluorescence and a second-look indication are essential to improve initial diagnosis. Risks of both recurrence and progression can be estimated using the EORTC score. A stratification of patients into low, intermediate and high risk groups is pivotal for recommending adjuvant treatment: instillation of chemotherapy (immediate post-operative, standard schedule) or intravesical BCG (standard schedule and maintenance). Cystectomy is recommended in BCG-refractory patients. Extension evaluation of MIBC is based on contrast-enhanced pelvic-abdominal and thoracic CT-scan. Multiparametric MRI can be an alternative. Cystectomy associated with extended lymph nodes dissection is considered the gold standard for non-metastatic MIBC. It should be preceded by cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in eligible patients. An orthotopic bladder substitution should be proposed to both male and female patients with no contraindication and in cases of negative frozen urethral samples; otherwise transileal ureterostomy is recommended as urinary diversion. All patients should be included in an Early Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocol. For metastatic MIBC, first-line chemotherapy using platin is recommended (GC or MVAC), when performans status (PS <1) and renal function (creatinine clearance >60 mL/min) allow it (only in 50% of cases). In second line treatment, immunotherapy with pembrolizumab demonstrated a significant improvement in overall survival. CONCLUSION: - These updated French guidelines will contribute to increase the level of urological care for the diagnosis and treatment of patients diagnosed with NMIBC and MIBC.

CT and MRI of pancreatic tumors: an update in the era of radiomics.

Radiomics is a relatively new approach for image analysis. As a part of radiomics, texture analysis, which consists in extracting a great amount of quantitative data from original images, can be used to identify specific features that can help determining the actual nature of a pancreatic lesion and providing other information such as resectability, tumor grade, tumor response to neoadjuvant therapy or survival after surgery. In this review, the basic of radiomics, recent developments and the results of texture analysis using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the field of pancreatic tumors are presented. Future applications of radiomics, such as artificial intelligence, are discussed.

[Clinicopathological features and prognosis in patients with presacral recurrent rectal cancer].

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological features and prognostic factors in patients with presacral recurrent rectal cancer (PRRC). Methods: PRRC was defined as recurrence of rectal cancer after radical surgery involving posteriorly the presacral soft tissue, the sacrum/coccyx, and/or sacral nerve root. The diagnosis is confirmed with clinical symptoms (pain of pelvis/back/lower limb, bloody stools, increased frequency of defecation, and abnormal secretions), physical examination of perineal or pelvic masses, radiological findings, colonoscopy with histopathological biopsy, and the evaluation by multi-disciplinary team (MDT). Inclusion criteria: (1) primary rectal cancer undergoing radical surgery without distant metastasis; (2) PRRC was diagnosed; (3) complete inpatient, outpatient and follow-up data. According to the above criteria, clinical data of 72 patients with PRRC in Peking University People's Hospital from January 2008 to December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. The clinicopathological features and follow-up data were summarized. Cox proportional hazard models was used to analyze the prognostic factors of PRRC. Results: Among 72 patients, 45 were male and 27 were female with a male-to-female ratio of 1.7:1.0. The median age at recurrence was 58 (34 to 83) years and the median interval from surgery to recurrence was 2.0 (0.2 to 17.0) years. The main symptom was pain in 48.6% (35/72) of patients. In addition, gastrointestinal symptoms were found in 25.0% (18/72) of patients. The presacral recurrent sites were presacral fascia in 36 (50.0%) patients, lower sacrum (S3~S5 or coccyx) in 25 (34.7%) patients, and higher sacrum (S1~S2) in 11 (15.3%) patients. Forty-seven (65.3%) patients underwent radical surgery (abdominal resection, abdominoperineal resection, sacrectomy, abdominosacral resection), 12 (16.7%) underwent non-radical surgery (colostomy, cytoreductive surgery), and 13 (18.1%) did not undergo any surgery but only receive palliative chemoradiotherapy and nutritional support treatment. Thirty-three (45.8%) patients received radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy (oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil, capecitabine, irinotecan, etc.). All the patients received follow-up, and the median follow-up time was 19 (2 to 72) months. The median overall survival time was 14 (1 to 65) months. The 1- and 3-year overall survival rates were 67.1% and 32.0%, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that age at recurrence (P=0.031) and radical resection (P<0.001) were associated with prognosis. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that radical resection was independent factor of good prognosis (RR=0.140, 95%CI: 0.061-0.322, P<0.001). Conclusions: Patients tend to develop presacral recurrent rectal cancer within 2 years after primary surgery. The main symptom is pain. Patients undergoing radical resection have a relatively good prognosis.

Management of Malignant Rectal Pain and Tenesmus: A Systematic Review.

Background: Malignant rectal pain (MRP) and tenesmus cause significant morbidity for cancer patients at all stages of disease. There is little evidence to guide management of these symptoms. Objective: The objective of this review was to summarize the existing evidence base for palliative management of MRP and tenesmus outside of standard oncologic or surgical management. Design: A systematic review of PubMed and Embase was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines using preselected search terms for publications between 1980 and January 2017. Setting/Subjects: Studies that described management for patients with tenesmoid pain from malignant tumors of the rectum, anus, or perineum were identified. Measurements: The primary outcome was response of pain to treatment. Results: The search produced 1412 titles. Twenty articles met criteria for inclusion in the review, including 11 case series and 9 case reports. A variety of treatments were found with most patients receiving interventional procedures, but overall evidence to support any particular intervention is limited and of poor quality. Conclusions: This review highlights the limited current evidence base for medical and interventional treatments for MRP and tenesmus. Further study is needed to clarify the best approach to managing these challenging symptoms.

Comparison of Mobility Indices for Predicting Early Death in Older Patients With Cancer: The Physical Frailty in Elderly Cancer Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: To assess and compare the ability of five mobility indices to predict 6-month mortality in older patients with cancer. METHODS: All consecutive ambulatory older patients with cancer referred for a geriatric assessment before a cancer treatment decision were included in a prospective two-center cohort study (Physical Frailty in Elderly Cancer) between 2013 and 2017. The mobility indices compared were the short physical performance battery, gait speed, hand grip strength, the one-leg stance balance test, and repeated falls. The primary endpoint was 6-month overall mortality. The adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval [CI]) for each mobility index was estimated using a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model adjusted for sex, the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics, the body mass index, cancer site/extension, and the provision of supportive care alone. The models' predictive performances were assessed in terms of Harrell's C index, net reclassification improvement, and the standardized net benefit. RESULTS: A total of 603 patients included (mean age: 81.2 ± 6.1 years; women: 54%; metastatic cancer: 45%). In multivariate analyses, an impairment in any of the mobility indices (with the exception of repeated falls) was independently associated with 6-month mortality following a geriatric assessment; the adjusted hazard ratio [95% CI] ranged from 2.35 [1.34-4.13] for the one-leg stance balance (C index: 0.74) to 3.03 [1.93-4.76] for the short physical performance battery (C index: 0.77). For each mobility index, inclusion in the multivariate model improved significantly the latter's prediction of 6-month mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Among mobility tests, short physical performance battery had the best discriminative value for predicting 6-month mortality in older patients with cancer.